Software product lines however, before we introduce the example, well take a small detour into the basis of sple. Representative prediction models include musas execution time model, putnams model. The principal goal of modelling variability techniques is to configure a. Estimation of the size of software is an essential part of software project management. Lines of source code per programmermonth locpm is a widely used soft. An objective of the cost model is to allow engineers to understand the breakdown of product cost, identify key cost drivers and hence manage the product cost. The objective is to provide a guideline to establish a pricing structure for viope solutions oy. Can work i hear some people say lines of code dont work because people dont know how to count them. An expense allocation occurs when indirect costs are assigned to cost objects. By using software product lines spl customers will get products adapted to their needs and wishes at a. Im not going to get into the bigscale variant of this market, like salesforce or office 365. The cocomo constructive cost estimation model is proposed by dr.
Our software product line cost model can calculate the costs and benefits and hence the roi that we can expect to accrue from various product line development situations. Variability modelling techniques have been developed to assist engineers in dealing with the complications of variability management. A suitably organized and executed test process can contribute to the success of a product line organization. In this column i will focus on how object technology can play. Expense allocations are required by several accounting frameworks in order to report the full cost of inventory in the financial statements a cost object is anything for which a cost is compiled. Under the constraints of continuous evolution and costs optimization, the derivation process must be able to answer customers requirements and provide adequate products in a short time without defects.
However, for the purpose of this study, we will exclude the maintenance costs, and will speak only. It consists in building a common platform from which a set of products can be derived. Examples of cost objects are products, product lines, customers, sales regions, and subsidiaries. The software product line spl is an emerging methodology for developing software products. Software product line engineering with feature models. Scroll down to the productsfeatures grid for a list of features included with each product. Shouldcost modeling is quite essential for the supply chain and engineering team during the new product development stage.
This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model ieee xplore. Proceedings of the international symposium on empirical software engineering isese 2004, pp. Below is what i am proposing to be the natural equilibrium cost structure of a well run ondemand software business.
They also underestimate the return on investment for product lines by focusing only on development vs. According to him software cost estimation should be done through three stages. Dealing with cost estimation in software product lines. Get an initial estimate of the development effort from evaluation of thousands of delivered lines. Measures for software product lines sei digital library carnegie. Software product line testing a systematic mapping study. This thesis provides methods for developing modeldriven software product lines, in terms of development methodology, automated assistance and spl evolution support.
I certainly agree that if the definition of a line is not consistent sizing will suffer. Note that bonus features that require active maintenance may be. Testing is used to identify defects during construction and to assure that completed products possess the qualities specified for the products. Figure 3 combines the cost variances from internal and supplier sources figures 1 and 2. The constructive cost model was developed by barry w. The software valuator estimates development cost by multiplying the number of development hours per the model, by a cost per person hour, which. The software product line engineering consists on building a common platform for a set of products dedicated for a specific business domain 1. Establishing a pricing structure for software products.
Cocomo is one of the most generally used software estimation models in the world. Moreover, it also helps to analyse and optimise product cost, to establish and sustain in the market. A cost model for software product lines springerlink. To save money, product companies approach service provider to develop a dedicated development center in low cost countries. Establishing a pricing structure for software products year 20 pages 40 this thesis is a case study that explores how to establish a pricing structure for software products. A new class of software development methods, tools and techniques collectively referred to as software product line development is emerging to address this problem, offering improvements in developmenttimetomarket, cost, quality, and portfolio scale and scope. The main advantage of the software product line engineering is the improvement of the productivity by reducing the time to market and the costs 2. It helps the project manager to further predict the effort and time which will be needed to build the project.
The comparison of the software cost estimating methods. The product developers create a product specific production plan from the general production plan created by the coreasset developers. Should cost analysis a key tool for sourcing and product. This saas business model is equally selfreinforcing and composed of a number of drivers that work together synergistically. Cocomo predicts the efforts and schedule of a software product based on the size of the software. Boehm proposed cocomo constructive cost estimation model in 1981. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and often used as a process of reliably predicting the various parameters associated with making a. Guidelines for developing a product line production plan.
This methodology is captured in the life cycle product support strategy process model. A product line is a group of related products under a single brand sold by the same company. This cost extension is used to represent the cost of producing a products in variability models. The main difference fromnormal, oneofakind software development is a logical separationbetween the development of core, reusable software assets. Software product lines spls, or software product line development, refers to software. Request pdf a cost model for software product lines in this paper we present a firstorder cost model that describes the costs associated with developing products in a product line organization.
It drew on a study of 63 projects at trw aerospace where boehm was director of software research and technology. Project scheduling in a project refers to roadmap of all activities to be done with specified order and within time slot allotted to each activity. Costrelated interface for software product lines sciencedirect. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model semantic. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model. What is price for the newest version for promodel and. All the other variances add or subtract from the sum of the invariant. Berry boehm in 1981 and thats why it is also known as cocomo81. A software product line is a set of softwarereliant systems that share a common, managed set of features satisfying a particular market or mission area, and are built from a common set of core assets in a prescribed way. Cocomo constructive cost model is a regression model based on loc, i.
This model is ideal for product companies which do not want to spend huge money on the software engineering, maintenance and support facilities in their country. Software product lines spls, or software product line development, refers to software engineering methods, tools and techniques for creating a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production the carnegie mellon software engineering institute defines a software product line as a set of softwareintensive systems that share a. It is simply running the model with normal inputs known parameters such as software lines of code against items for which the actual cost are known. Modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes, or to adapt the product to a modified environment. The product develop1 a software product line is a set of software intensive systems sharing a common, managed set of. For example, automotive manufacturers can create unique variations of one car model using a single pool of carefully designed parts and a factory. A framework for software product line practice, version 5.
Introduction to the emerging practice of software product. Product flexibility is the anthem of the software marketplace, and product lines fulfill the promise of tailormade systems built specifically for the needs of. Note that the stable and invariant parts of the cost are the true economic cost and the. In this paper we present a firstorder cost model that describes the costs associated with developing products in a product line organization. Pdf a software cost estimation model for product line. This paper will survey the software engineering literature, in search of a systematic way to analyze and design nfr, from the perspectives of the concept of. But some of these same people say function points do work because they are not language specific and they are better defined that is sometimes true. Fraunhofer institute for experimental software engineering.
Other companies can also charge for installation, maintenance, training, customization, and consulting services. The main difference from normal, oneofakind software development, is a logical separation between the development of core, reusable software assets the platform, and actual applications. Product lines have been applied to other engineering fields for decades, while being quite recently introduced in software engineering. Most software product line cost estimation and returny. A value driven design concept is outlined to understand cost impact of design decisions at. Product line cost model software product line development cost software reuse these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
Product engineers are designing, developing, and taking products to market at a dizzying rate today, and thats due in part to the advancements in software tools over the past few years. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model citeseerx. This typically includes a high level categorization of costs, the proportional size of each category and a designation of fixed or variable cost. Cocomo stands for constructive cost model, developed by barry w. Software product line engineering is an approach to costefficiently derive tailored products to markets and customers, utilizing common components and services in a planned manner. This pricing model is common for open source software, such as red hat linux, where the product is available for free download, but customers pay subscription fees if they want technical support. A product line is a set of products that together address a particular market segment or fulfill a particular mission. But i really confuse to get the price, because i have to make a proposal to the faculty. Lines of code versus function points versus use cases for. Software product lines elearning software product lines.
As the name suggest, loc count the total number of lines of source code. We know that the cost of developing software, up until the point that it is accepted, is only a fraction of the total cost of the system over the typical life cycle of the product. Due to the importance and criticality of nfr, the author study the problem of modeling nfr for software product lines spl, which adds yet an additional dimension of complexity. It divides the software product into three categories of software. I want to buy both software for my university laboratory. Software engineering measurement and analysis initiative. Software product line engineering is a large scale development paradigm based on mass production. Treeage pro healthcare also includes the healthcare module. Most software product line cost estimation models are calibrated only to local product line data rather than to a broad range of product lines. Both products include the base model building and analysis tools and the excel module. All of this brings us to the softwareasaservice saas model of software product marketing.
Function points and object points are the bestknown metrics of this type. Cost structures are typically used to plan a business and to communicate the costs of a strategy or investment. It is an algorithmic approach to estimating the cost of a software project. Before we can start estimating the cost of software maintenance, we first need to understand what maintenance actually encompasses. Learning to support derivation of adaptable products in. In this paper, we propose a software cost estimation model for product line engineering socoemople. Software engineering project size estimation techniques. Boehm in the late 1970s and published in boehms 1981 book software engineering economics as a model for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. Software product line an overview sciencedirect topics. Various measures are used in project size estimation. A cost structure is a high level model of the costs of an industry, organization, business model or business unit. Total product development cost measures the engineering costs incurred by the product line. Cocomo stands for constructive cost model, it is a software cost estimation model that was first published in 1981 by barry bohem bohem, 2001. Nonfunctional requirements analysis modeling for software.
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